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O.K., I looked up some papers last night, and found I made some mistakes
in my previous post on bubble stuff.
1) The talk I saw by Yount was in 1991, not 1989.
2) It was 1,000 ATA, not 20,000 ATA, that is required to (theoretically)
spontaneously form stable cavities in homogeneous aqueous fluid.
So....my memory is poorer than I had hoped. Not only was I off by a
factor of 20, but it was only 6 years ago, rather than 8 years ago.
But, technical errors aside, my point still stands. Unless you dive at a
certain place I know off the Mariana Islands, you're not going to see the
kinds of pressures required to spontaneously *form* bubbles after a dive.
For bubbles to grow in size, there must be "inhomogeneity" in the fluid.
According to Yount, the inhomogeneities are pre-existing stable gas-filled
bubble nuclei, which remain stable due to surface-active molecules forming a
shell around the bubble.
I could not find any reference to the comment Yount made that compression
to huge pressures yields no bubble formation. I swear I remember "20,000
something" in his talk, so maybe he meant if you pressurize gel to 20K
fsw, and decompress it, there are no bubbles. JJ mentioned another
similar experiment involving 100 ATA.
I highly recommend you read some of the following publications by Yount:
Yount, D.E. 1975. The physics of bubble formation. pp. 146-166. In:
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Man in the Sea. S.K. Hong
(ed.) Bethesda, MD, Undersea medical Society.
Yount, D.E. 1979a. Application of a bubble formation model to
decompression sickness in rats and humans. Aviation, Space, and
Environmental Medicine, 50:44-50.
Yount, D.E. 1979b. Skins of varying permeability: a stabilization
mechanism for gas cavitation nuclei. Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, 65: 1429-1439
Yount, D.E. 1981. Application of a bubble formation model to
decompression sickness in fingerling salmon. Undersea Biomedical
Research, 8:199-208.
Yount, D.E. 1982. On the evolution, generation, and regeneration of gas
cavitation nuclei. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71:1473-1481.
Yount, D.E. 1988. Theoretical considerations of safe decompression. pp.
69-97. In: Y-C Lin and A.K.C. Niu (eds.), Hyperbaric Medicine and
Physiology. Best Publishing Co., San Pedro, CA.
Yount, D.E. 1990. The physics of bubble formation: Implications for
improvement of decompression tables. pp. 231-252. In: Y.C. Lin and K.K.
Shida (eds.), Man in the Sea, Vol. I. Best Publishing Co., San Pedro, CA.
Yount, D.E. 1992. Gelatin, bubbles, and the bends. pp. 127-142. In:
H-J Krock and D.E. Harper, Jr. (eds.) Proceedings of the American Academy
of Underwater Sciences Eleventh Annual Scientific Diving Symposium.
American Academy of Underwater Sciences, Costa Mesa, CA.
Yount, D.E., E.W. Gillary and D.C. Hoffman. 1984. A microscopic
investigation of bubble formation nuclei. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, 76: 1511-1521.
Yount, D.E. and D.C. Hoffman. 1986. On the use of a bubble formation
model to calculate diving tables. Aviation, Space, and Environmental
Medicine, 57: 149-156.
Yount, D.E. and D.A. Lally. 1980. On the use of oxygen to facilitate
decompression. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine., 51: 544-550.
Yount, D.E. and R.H. Strauss. 1976. Bubble formation in gelatin: a model
for decompression sickness. Journal of Applied Physics, 47: 5081-5088.
Yount, D.E., R.H. Strauss, E.L. Beckman, and J.A. Moore. 1975. The
physics of bubble formation: Implications for improvement of
decompression methods. pp. 167-178. In: Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Man in the Sea. S.K. Hong (ed.). Undersea Medical Society,
Bethesda, MD.
Yount, D.E., C.M. Yeung and F.W. Ingle. 1979. Determination of the radii
of gas cavitation nuclei by filtering gelatin. Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America, 65: 1440-1450.
Richard Pyle
Ichthyology, Bishop Museum deepreef@bi*.bi*.ha*.or*
1525 Bernice St. PH: (808) 848-4115
Honolulu, HI 96817-0916 FAX: (808) 841-8968
"The views are those of the sender and not of Bishop Museum"
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